15 September 2025

• PM Modi announced a nationwide “Demography Mission” to address alleged conspiracies of demographic change in border areas through infiltration.
• Assam has historically faced illegal migration issues, particularly from Bangladesh.

Historical context:

• Assam Accord (1985): Cut-off date of March 24, 1971 for detection and deportation of illegal migrants.
• National Register of Citizens (NRC): Updated under Supreme Court supervision in 2019; excluded ~19 lakh people.
• Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA): Provides citizenship to persecuted non-Muslim minorities from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan.
• Security dimension: Migration linked to land encroachment, identity politics, and insurgency in Northeast.

Key Facts/Data (Prelims Pointer)

• One bigha in Assam ≈ 0.13 hectare. Encroachment cleared in Darrang’s Gorukhuti (sensitive eviction site in 2021).

• PM inaugurated ₹6,300 crore projects in health and infrastructure at Mangaldoi.

• Border length: India–Bangladesh border = 4,096 km, of which 263 km in Assam.

Critical Analysis Opportunies /Pros

• Could strengthen national security & demographic stability

• Protects tribal and indigenous rights over land/resource.

• Political messaging to consolidate support in Northeast.

Challenges/Cons

• Risk of communal polarization and human rights concerns.

• NRC-like exercises costly, litigation-heavy, and socially disruptive.

• Strains India–Bangladesh ties, especially ahead of regional trade & connectivity initiatives.

• Federalism issue: Immigration is Union subject, but impacts fall on states.

Long-term Implications:

• Shapes identity politics in Assam & Northeast.
• Could influence foreign policy with Bangladesh.
• If mismanaged, may deepen social unrest and alienation.

Way Forwards

• Balanced approach: Combine border security with humanitarian safeguards.
• Technology in border management: Smart fencing (CIBMS), drones, AI surveillance.
• Bilateral engagement: Work with Bangladesh on cross- border migration control.
• Rehabilitation policy: Ensure evictions don’t displace genuine citizens.
• Inclusive development: Focus on jobs, education, healthcare in border districts to reduce resentment

CASE PENDENCY

• Pendency in the Supreme Court has reached 88,417 cases, the highest ever, despite full sanctioned strength of 34 judges.

• Shows structural inefficiency in India’s justice delivery system, which impacts governance, economic activity, and citizens’ trust.

Trigger: Filing of fresh cases outpacing disposals in 2025 (7,080 filed vs 5,667 disposed in August).

Historical Backdrop:

• Backlog crisis intensified after the pandemic.
• Collegium resolutions (Nov 2023) highlighted the “huge workload” and the need for zero vacancies.
• Repeated attempts by successive CJIs to reform → summer recess converted into “partial working days”, increased benches, quicker appointments. Yet pendency persists.

Key Facts / Prelims Pointers

• Total pendency (Sept 2025): 88,417 (Civil – 69,553;Criminal – 18,864).

• August 2025 disposal rate: 80.04% (7,080 cases filed;5,667 disposed).

• Annual figures (2025 till now): 52,630 filed; 46,309 disposed (~88%).
• Judicial strength: 34 (full strength).
• Sanction of posts: Fixed under Article 124 (SC establishment).
• National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Real-time case data.
• Comparative backlog: Similar peaks in 2024 (~82,000).
• Government as biggest litigant: ~46% of cases in courts (Law Commission, NITI Aayog studies).

Critical Analysis Opportunities/ Pros

• Full strength appointments → no vacancy gap.

• Summer recess working → proactive step.

• Use of NJDG → data-driven reforms possible.

• Fast-track govt approvals for appointments.

Challenges / Cons

• Fresh filings > disposal rate → backlog keeps increasing.
• Overburdened judges (21 Benches in “partial holidays”).
• Govt = major litigant, causing docket explosion.
• SC functioning as appellate court → dilutes role as constitutional court.
• Technology integration (e-filing, AI tools) still patchy.

Long term Implication

• Public trust deficit in judiciary.

• Justice delivery → economic costs (contract enforcement delays).

• Democratic governance legitimacy questioned.

Way Forward

• Increase judge strength (as per Law Commission suggestions).

• Reform SC role → focus on constitutional interpretation, not routine appeals.

• Strengthen lower judiciary → reduce inflow to SC. Case management reforms → strict timelines, curb adjournments.

• Use AI & digitization → for e-filing, scheduling, translation

• Curb govt litigation → National Litigation Policy revival.

• Global best practice: US/UK model → Apex court hears only cases of constitutional importance

CENTRE REOPEN PLI SCHEME

• The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme was launched to boost domestic manufacturing, reduce import dependency, and create global champions in key sectors.

• The PLI scheme for White Goods (ACs & LED lights) was approved by the Union Cabinet in April 2021 with an outlay of ₹6,238 crore for 7 years (2021–22 to 2028–29).

• The government has now reopened the application window (Sept 15–Oct 14, 2025) in response to increased market demand and industry confidence, signaling success in previous rounds.
• India currently imports several critical components of ACs (compressors, copper tubing, etc.) and LEDs (chips, drivers), making domestic value chain creation crucial.
• India will be represented by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar at a virtual BRICS summit on Monday, convened by Brazil’s President Lula da Silva.

• Despite being a leaders’ level summit, PM Modi is not attending; no official reason given.

Key Facts / Prelims Pointers 

• Sector: White goods (Air Conditioners & LED lights).
• Outlay: ₹6,238 crore (2021–29).
• Beneficiaries so far: 83 companies with committed investment of ₹10,406 crore.
• Coverage: Components & sub-assemblies (not just final products).
• Implementation Period: FY 2021–22 to 2028–29 (7 years).
• New Update: Application window reopened → Sept 15 to Oct 14, 2025.
• Eligibility: Both new applicants & existing beneficiaries (who want to invest more).
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Critical Analysis Opportunities/Pros

• Boosts domestic manufacturing & reduces imports of critical AC & LED components.
• Strengthens India’s position in the global electronics supply chain.
• Encourages job creation across value chains.
• Supports energy-efficient appliances, aligning with India’s climate commitments.
• Attracts foreign direct investment (FDI) and global players.

Challenges/Cons

• Risk of over-dependence on subsidies rather than competitiveness.
• Implementation delays and bureaucratic hurdles may discourage investors.
• Possibility of “sub-assembly dependence” → India may still import high-tech parts like LED chips.
• Ensuring fair distribution between big corporates and MSMEs is a challenge.

Long -Term Implication

• If successful, India can emerge as a global manufacturing hub for white goods.
• May reduce the trade deficit with China in electronics.
• Supports energy efficiency goals → widespread adoption of LEDs & efficient ACs.

Way Forwards

• Ensure timely disbursement of incentives and reduce compliance burden.
• Focus on R&D and design-led manufacturing instead of only assembly.
• Support MSMEs and domestic startups for inclusive growth.
• Establish testing & certification labs to meet global quality standards.
• Encourage public-private partnerships in innovation.
• Learn from global best practices (e.g., South Korea’s chaebol-linked industrialization, China’s electronics clusters).

LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR AI CONTENT CREATORS

• Why important? Fake news, deepfakes, and AI- generated misinformation have become major threats to democracy, elections, and social harmony. The misuse of AI tools can manipulate public opinion, spread communal hatred, and disrupt law and order.
• Trigger: Parliamentary Standing Committee on Communications & IT (chaired by Nishikant Dubey, BJP MP) submitted a draft report to Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla

• Institutional background:

• MeitY has already set up a 9-member body to study deepfakes.
•  Ongoing R&D projects:
• Fake speech detection using deep learning frameworks.
• Software for identifying deepfake videos/images.
•  Globally, EU’s AI Act (2024) mandates labelling of AI-generated content

Key Facts / Prelims Pointers

1.Committee Recommendations:

•  Explore licensing requirements for AI content creators.
•  Mandatory labelling of AI-generated videos & content.
•  Coordination between I&B Ministry, MeitY, and other departments.
•  Legal reforms: stricter penal provisions, higher fines, accountability of media houses.
•  Mandatory fact-checking mechanisms & internal ombudsmen in all media outlets.
• Challenges noted: AI cannot fact-check independently since it relies on pre-existing online data. It can only flag suspicious content.

2.Constitutional reference 

• Article 19(1)(a) – Freedom of speech & expression.

• Article 19(2) – Reasonable restrictions (public order, defamation, incitement).

3.Reports/Global references:

• EU AI Act – bans certain uses of AI, mandates transparency & labelling.
•  UNESCO guidelines on AI ethics.

Critical Analysis  Opportunities / Pros

• Helps protect democratic integrity by curbing fake news in elections.
• Builds public trust in media through fact-checking and accountability.
• Encourages responsible AI innovation with clear guidelines.
• Enhances cybersecurity and safeguards against foreign interference

Challenges / Cons

• Licensing of AI creators may stifle innovation/startups, giving monopoly to big tech firms.
• Overregulation vs free speech – risk of misuse by state to curb dissent.
• Technological limitation – AI cannot ensure 100% detection; risk of false positives.
• Global interoperability – India needs alignment with global frameworks (EU, US, UN).

Long-Term Implications

• Creates a legal framework for AI accountability. Balances innovation and regulation in the digital economy.
• Could be a model law for Global South nations facing similar disinformation challenges.

Way Forwards

• Consensus-building with media houses & digital platforms.
• Establish independent regulatory authority for AI ethics & content labelling.
• Invest in indigenous R&D on AI detection tools (deepfake forensics, watermarking).
• Learn from global best practices

            EU AI Act (labelling, risk categorisation).

           Singapore’s POFMA law (Protection from Online Falsehoods).

• Promote digital literacy campaigns for citizens.

• A controversial article titled “India’s Great Power Delusions – How New Delhi’s Grand Strategy Thwarts Its Grand Ambitions” was published in Foreign Affairs (July/August 2025).
• It argued that India’s aspiration to be a Great Power is “delusional,” claiming India lags far behind China and the U.S. in the global power hierarchy.
• This comes at a time when India has projected confidence in overcoming the middle-income trap and presenting itself as a rising Big Power.
• Historically, India’s non-alignment, moral authority, and economic-first approach shaped its global positioning.

Key Facts/Data (Prelims Pointers)

• Green Revolution: Transformed India from a food- deficit to food-surplus nation, now a foodgrain exporter.
• India’s GDP: 5th largest economy (IMF, 2024), projected to be 3rd largest by 2030.
• India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008): Landmark in bilateral relations.
• India-Soviet Treaty (1971): Cemented strategic partnership during Cold War.
• Pokhran-I (1974): India’s first nuclear test (‘Smiling Buddha’).
• Quad: Security dialogue (India, U.S., Japan, Australia).
• SCO: India, China, Russia, and Central Asian states’ regional grouping.
• Middle-income trap: Economic stagnation after reaching middle- income status, avoided by very few countries historically

Critical Analysis Opportunities /Strengths

• Economic rise: Sustained growth, demographic dividend, digital push (AI, semiconductor, space sector).
• Civilisational strength: Soft power, pluralism, historical continuity.
• Balancing power: Ability to engage U.S., Russia, China simultaneously.
• Tech potential: Strong IT base, Indian-origin leaders dominating Silicon Valley.

Challenges/Criticisms

• Strategic constraints: Dependence on Russian defence, trade imbalances with China.
• Middle-income trap risk: Growth could stall without reforms.
• Border disputes: Ongoing tensions with China.
• Western perception gap: India still viewed as a secondary player in U.S.-China bipolarity

Long Term Implications

• India’s rise depends on technological leadership and economic resilience more than traditional military power.
• Managing contradictions (Russia-U.S., China-border ties vs. SCO/BRICS) will remain India’s unique strategy.
• Western skepticism may harden into pressure (tariffs, sanctions, conditional partnerships).

Way Forwards

• Economic focus: Deepen reforms, manufacturing base (PLI), tech innovation hubs.
• Strategic autonomy: Continue “multi-alignment” policy, strengthen Quad, SCO, BRICS. Technology leadership: Invest in AI, quantum, semiconductors, cybersecurity.
• Narrative building: Project India’s civilisational model and independent global vision.
• Defence modernization: Reduce reliance on Russian arms, diversify sources, boost indigenous capacity.

ONLINE GAMING BILLS

Context & Bachground

• The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025 was passed in Parliament in a sudden move, without debate or stakeholder consultation.
• It bans online real money games but seeks to promote e-sports and online social games.
• The issue lies at the intersection of federalism, economy, and digital governance, since gambling/betting is a State subject (Seventh Schedule, List II), yet the Union has legislated directly.
• Online gaming in India has been a sunrise sector with huge foreign investment, employment potential, and significant tax revenue.

Key Facts/ Prelims Pointers

• Employment Impact: Sector was projected to employ
• 1.5 lakh people by 2025 in areas like game design, development, analytics.
• Revenue Impact: Real-money gaming was expected to generate ₹17,000 crore GST revenue annually.

1.Constitutional Angle:

• Article 19(1)(g) – Right to practise any profession/business.
•  State Subject – Betting and gambling fall under State List (Seventh Schedule, Entry 34).

2.Judicial Precedents:

• Courts have distinguished games of skill (permitted) vs. games of chance (gambling, can be banned).

• Federalism Issue: Centre bypassed States; raises questions of legislative competence.

  Critical Analysis Opportunities / Government’s Argument (Pro-ban)

• Protects vulnerable populations from addiction and financial ruin.
• Seen as addressing a public health and morality issue (akin to substance abuse).
• Avoids the social harms of uncontrolled gambling.

Challenges/Criticism

• FDI & Investor Confidence: Abrupt bans deter global investors.
• Job Losses: Thousands of high-quality tech jobs lost. Revenue Loss: Centre & States lose massive GST inflows.
• Federalism Violation: Union legislating on a State subject.
• Unintended Consequences: Pushes players to illegal/offshore apps, no taxation or consumer protection.
• Constitutional Challenge: Restricts Art. 19(1)(g) rights, open to judicial review.

Long Term Implication

• Weakens India’s position in global digital innovation ecosystems.
• Sets a precedent of regulatory unpredictability.
• Risk of underground economy & illegal gambling proliferation.

Way Forward

• Middle Path: Neither blanket ban nor free-for-all. Licensing Framework: Clear categories for games of skill vs chance.
• Responsible Gaming Measures: Age-gating, deposit limits, KYC/AML checks, self-exclusion.
• Strengthened Regulatory Authority: Independent regulator to oversee compliance.
• Global Best Practices: UK Gambling Commission, EU responsible gaming frameworks.
• Centre-State Collaboration: Cooperative federalism approach instead of unilateral action.

IMPROVING MACROS

• Why important? Retail inflation (measured by the CPI) is a key indicator of the economy’s health, directly linked to RBI’s monetary policy and people’s purchasing power.
• Trigger: Inflation in August 2025 rose to 2.1%, ending a 9-month decline streak but still within RBI’s tolerance band (2–6%).

1.Historical/Institutional Context:

• Inflation targeting in India began formally in 2016 after the amendment of the RBI Act, 1934, mandating RBI to maintain CPI inflation at 4% (+/- 2%).
•  MPC (Monetary Policy Committee) was created under this framework to set repo rates.
•  In 2022–23, India struggled with high inflation (>6%), driven largely by food and global energy shocks.

Key Facts/Prelims Pointers

• CPI (Retail Inflation, Aug 2025): 2.1% (vs 6%+ last year).
• Food Inflation: Subdued; vegetables (-15.9%), pulses (-14.5%).
• Growth-Inflation Gap: ~5.5 percentage points (vs 2.1% last year).
• RBI’s Inflation Targeting Band: 2%–6% (with 4% as the median target).
• Policy Expectations: Possible repo rate cut—likely December 2025.
• NFSA (2013): Free foodgrain provision offsets food price burden.
• External Factor: Limited impact of giving up Russian oil imports (crude prices low).
• Upcoming: GST rate cuts from 22 Sept 2025, expected to lower inflation further.

Critical Analysis Opportunities/Positives

• Low inflation ensures higher real income for households. Positive growth-inflation differential boosts investor confidence.
• Government credibility enhanced due to NFSA + GST- driven affordability.
• Creates space for RBI to adopt an accommodative stance → possible rate cuts → further stimulate growth.

Challenges/ Concerns

• Data reliability: Inflation and GDP statistics often questioned.
• Overdependence on global crude still a vulnerability.
• GST rate cuts could reduce tax revenues → fiscal pressures. Too-early monetary easing could risk future inflation spikes if global shocks return.

Long Term Implications

• Stable low inflation + high growth could make India attractive for global investors.
• Inflation management success enhances RBI’s institutional credibility.
• However, complacency may lead to neglect of structural reforms in food supply chains, energy diversification, and fiscal discipline.

Way Forwards

• Prudent Monetary Policy: MPC should avoid premature cuts; wait until Dec for clarity on global environment.
• Strengthen Data Credibility: Transparent, real-time CPI/GDP data systems.
• Food & Energy Security: Diversify oil imports, invest in domestic food supply chain logistics.
• Fiscal Prudence: Balance GST cuts with widening of tax base to prevent revenue shocks.
• Global Best Practice: Adopt inflation-forecasting models (like Bank of England, ECB) integrating global commodity shocks into policy design.

• The recent survey of saltwater crocodiles in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve indicates a rise in population and demographic diversity, marking a conservation success for India.
• Historically, India’s wildlife protection efforts were megafauna-centric (tiger, elephant, rhino), particularly after the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) were once critically threatened due to habitat loss, hunting, and egg collection.
• The Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project (West Bengal) and captive breeding-release programmes have been instrumental in their recovery.
• This news comes at a time when climate change, rising salinity, and habitat degradation pose new threats to estuarine e.

Key Facts / Prelims Pointercosystems.

• Species: Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).
• Distribution: Eastern India (Sundarbans, Odisha, Andaman & Nicobar Islands).
• IUCN Status: Least Concern (but regionally threatened).

1.Legal Protection in India

• Listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (highest protection).
•  Also protected under CITES Appendix I (international trade ban).

2.Projects:

• Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project – Sundarbans, West Bengal.
•  Captive breeding programmes in Odisha and Andamans.
• Ecological Role: Apex predator, scavenger, regulator of prey species, maintains mangrove ecosystem health.
• Conservation Marker: Their survival indicates functioning food webs and mangrove resilience.

Critical Analysis/Opportunities/Pros:

• Shows inclusive conservation success beyond charismatic megafauna.
• Demonstrates effectiveness of captive breeding + legal protection model.
• Saltwater crocodiles’ recovery indicates health of mangrove ecosystem.
• Serves as a template for neglected species (amphibians, reptiles, lesser-known birds).

Challenges/Cons:

• Reactive protection rather than anticipatory (climate change not addressed).
• Rising salinity, sea-level rise, and erosion threaten habitats.
• Human-crocodile conflict risks increasing with population growth.
• Other reptile/amphibian species lack similar protection or attention.

Long Term Implications

• Need to move from species-centric to ecosystem- centric conservation.
• Anticipatory climate adaptation in wildlife laws and recovery plans.
• Greater public engagement and communication on non-charismatic species.

Way Forwards

1.Policy Reforms:

• Update Wildlife (Protection) Act provisions to integrate climate risk assessments.
•  Develop species recovery plans for Schedule I & II species beyond megafauna.

2.Conservation Measures:

•  Expand captive breeding-release programmes to other threatened reptiles/amphibians.
•  Map and protect climate refugia for species sensitive to salinity and temperature.
•  Promote ecosystem-based conservation (entire mangrove landscape approach).

3.Public Awareness:

•  Launch campaigns for neglected species (like crocodiles, amphibians, reptiles).
•  Integrate into school curricula, eco-tourism, and citizen science initiatives.

4.Global Best Practices:

•  Learn from Australia’s saltwater crocodile management (sustainable use + conservation).
•  Adapt community co-management models (local fisherfolk participation).

A TIME OF REINVENT

• The article highlights how the global trade disruption (especially US–China tariff wars under Trump 2.0) impacts emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) more severely than the US or China.
• Historically, emerging markets have thrived on open trade, globalisation, and export-led growth (e.g., East Asian Tigers). Now, a “triple shock” of tariffs, trade diversion, and technology threatens that model.
• Protectionist waves in history (1930s Great Depression era, 1970s import-substitution in India, Latin American crises) offer lessons on how turning inward often worsens economic vulnerabilities.

Key Facts/Prelims Pointers

• US Tariffs: Effective tariff levels in the US rose from 2.7% → 18%, highest since 1930s.
• China Shock 2.0: US tariffs on China rose from 10% → 42%, pushing China’s excess capacity into EM markets.
• India’s share of global manufacturing: < 2%. Lerner Symmetry Theorem: Import tariffs = export taxes.
• High-growth economies (post-WWII): Only 13 economies grew at 7%+ for 25 years, all export- oriented.
• Technological disruption: Rising capital–labour ratios, AI substituting not just blue-collar but white- collar jobs.

Critical Analysis/Opportunities/pros

• India can grow its share of global manufacturing even if global trade stagnates.
• External orientation brings efficiency, innovation, productivity gains.
• Geopolitical shifts (China diversion) may create supply chain opportunities for India (China+1 strategy).

Challenges/Cons

• EMs risk being flooded by cheap Chinese imports, hollowing out local manufacturing.
• Technology-led labour substitution threatens demographic dividend in India, Africa, South Asia.
• Tariff wars → trade balkanisation, risk of global demand collapse.
• Social risks: youth unrest, unemployment, inequality.

Long Term Implications

• Only reform-driven economies that boost competitiveness + human capital will sustain growth.
• Import substitution/protectionism would repeat 1970s India’s stagnation.
• Without robust safety nets, AI + trade shocks could worsen social instability.

Way Forwards

• Reforms: Push land, labour, power, health, and education reforms; continue GST simplification & deregulation.
• Global Engagement: Deepen ties with WTO, G20, BRICS+ to preserve multilateral trade.
• Industrial Policy: Build competitiveness in manufacturing (PLI schemes, logistics infra, R&D push).
• Human Capital: Large-scale skilling, reskilling, continuous education; safety nets for displaced workers.
• Tech Strategy: AI adoption in a labour-augmenting, not labour-substituting manner.

BUILDING BRIDGES

• The ongoing ethnic conflict in Manipur has persisted for 864 days, claiming 250+ lives and displacing tens of thousands.
• Trigger: Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, perceived as a threat to tribal land rights, escalated into violent clashes between Meiteis (Valley) and Kukis (Hills).
• PM Narendra Modi’s belated visit (Sept 13, 2025) to Churachandpur (Kuki-majority) and Imphal (Meitei- majority) is seen as an attempt to restart the peace process and signal developmental commitments.
• Historically, the faultline between Hill tribes and Valley Meiteis stems from competing identity, land, and political aspirations.

Key Facts/Data (Prelims Pointers)

• Casualties: 250+ lives lost, thousands displaced.
• Duration: 864 days of ongoing unrest.

1.Demands:

• Kuki-Zo Council → “Separate administration” for Kukis.
•  Meitei groups (COCOMI) → Oppose separate administration; demand NRC & identification of “illegal immigrants.”

2.Constitutional angle:

• Article 371C – Special provisions for Manipur.
•  Sixth Schedule – Autonomous District Councils for some NE states (not fully applicable in Manipur

• President’s Rule – Imposed after dismissal of N. Biren Singh govt (Feb 2025).

• Development push: PM inaugurated highway, rail, infotech projects worth thousands of crores

Critical Analysis Opportunites/Pros

• PM’s symbolic outreach to both Hill & Valley communities could restart dialogue.
• Infrastructure push may provide jobs, connectivity, and reduce alienation.
• Peace-building can enhance India’s Act East Policy and border security.

Challenges/Cons

• Deep distrust: Meiteis fear loss of land rights; Kukis feel politically marginalised.
• Separate administration vs. NRC demands – irreconcilable positions.
• Prolonged President’s Rule → governance deficit, weakens democratic institutions.
• Fear of radicalisation & insurgent revival if conflict lingers.

Long Term Implications

• Delay in reconciliation may permanently fragment society.
• Could weaken India’s Northeast integration efforts. Sets precedent for other ethnic groups demanding separate arrangements.

Way Forwards

• Inclusive Dialogue – Neutral mediators involving civil society, church groups, women’s groups.
• Time-bound Development – Ensure PM’s announced projects are implemented transparently.
• Institutional Framework – Strengthen Autonomous District Councils or consider a special reconciliation commission.
• Confidence-Building – Peace committees, youth exchange, inter-community cultural programmes.
• Learning from Global Best Practices –

1.Northern Ireland’s Good Friday Agreement (power-sharing).

2.South Africa’s Truth & Reconciliation Commission (healing process).